Imagine for a moment human history as a river, where the Greek language is not just a small and narrow stream but a deep and forceful current that has enriched the English language over the course of time with its wisdom, art, and science.
This is a connection that says much about our shared human heritage. It clearly shows how ancient language can influence our lives to this day despite the passing of time. This journey of Greek influences on English clearly shows how languages evolve and influence each other. It is also indicative of how the words of important ancient philosophers, poets, and scientists found a new home in our modern English vocabulary.
Renaissance: The gateway to Greek wisdom
Our linguistic journey begins in the Renaissance—that era of enlightenment during which Europe turned its focus back to the glories of ancient Greece and Rome so as to draw inspiration and hope for a better future.
English, which was then only in its infancy so to say absorbed the wisdom of various ancient Greek texts both directly but mainly indirectly. This was a time when scholars and poets across the continent studied the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Homer, bringing back Greek ideas through the very words that shaped them.
It was meant to be the beginning of a remarkable story, whereby numerous Greek words began pouring into English, enriching it with new terms for concepts in areas such as science, governance, and philosophy among other things.
The process was obviously not a one-time event. It was, however, natural and almost effortless. English had a reputation for borrowing from other, older languages due to its young age. This was the reason why the Greek world offered a great window of opportunity for English. Greek had a mature and beautiful repository of words that was both vast and precise in terms of definitions for those who needed inspiration.
Words like “democracy” (from “demokratia,” meaning rule by the people) and “philosophy” (from “philosophia,” meaning love of wisdom) were instantly adopted by those early English speakers and their neighbors. These terms were used to describe concepts that were becoming increasingly important and common in the then-evolving intellectual landscape of Western Europe.
This process wasn’t just about adding words to a dictionary, however. It was mainly about embracing the vast richness of Greek thought and making it accessible to the European peoples who were gradually beginning to learn about the marvels of ancient Greece.
Through this linguistic exchange that lasted for centuries, Greek words became an integral part of how we communicate today, particularly when we want to express complex ideas and concepts. The influence of Greek on English also showed the power of a language that goes beyond time and space, as it connects us to thinkers of the past and their intricate theories about life and the world around us.
Greek roots in modern English
Our daily conversations in English are full of words that were originally used by the ancient Greeks. These words have been integrated into our lives over time, and, in fact, most times, we don’t even realize this. Such words cover a wide spectrum of fields from governance and philosophy to the less significant elements of everyday life.
For instance, let’s take a look at the concept of “democracy.” Democracy has been the fundamental element of modern political thought for centuries now in many places around the globe that share and define their destinies by liberal ideas. This particular word is derived from the Greek “demokratía,” which hides a truly fundamental and yet simple message—that of a power that derives from the people.
Similarly, the word “philosophy” refers to the love of wisdom. This comes from the Greek word “philosophía,” which is a term that brilliantly summarizes the Greek pursuit of human knowledge and understanding. Philos is Greek for “friend” while “sophia” is simply the Greek word for wisdom. Hence, a philosopher is nothing more than a friend of truth and wisdom.
Beyond these fundamental ideals, however, Greek has also provided the English language with a plethora of words (see?) that describe the world we live in.
The word “bibliotheke,” for example, survives in languages like French and German, but, in English, it’s “library,” of course. Nonetheless, this shows how interconnected the Greek language continues to be with that of the Romans in terms of influencing Europe and its linguistic landscape.
On the other hand, the Greek word “mousike” becomes “music” and gains a truly universal character of its own that describes emotion and expression. These simple, everyday examples show the broad spectrum of Greek influences on English.
They also explain exceptionally well how Greek enriched our language with terms that demonstrate both the beautiful nature and excellence of human thought as well as the simplicity of the everyday life of us mortals.
Greek language and scientific terminology
If we’d like a better understanding of how the Greek language has influenced English most, we need to take a look at scientific and medical terminology. The ancient Greek world was the place where Western medicine and science flourished. Therefore, the language provided the roots for countless words that used to this day.
In medicine, for example, words like “neurology” and “psychology” reveal their clear Greek origins along with the fundamental knowledge that the Greeks processed about notions like these millennia ago. The word neurology comes from the Greek word “neuron,” which means nerve, and “logia,” which means study. On the other hand, the word psychology comes from the Greek word for soul, that is psyche. These two ordinary examples show us the extent to which the Greeks knew about the two sciences more than two to three thousand years ago.
Astronomy, too, is also a field of study that is profoundly rich in Greek-derived terms. A great example here would be the word “galaxy.” The term comes from the Greek word “galaxias,” which actually has nothing to do with the sky, as it means milky. The Greeks probably chose this word because our home galaxy, the Milky Way, looked way too white in the night sky. This is likely how it got its name.
Another very interesting word is the word “planet.” This word comes from the Greek “planetes,” which means wanderer. This is clear proof of how the Greeks observed the planets moving across the sky, thinking that they were celestial wanderers. Such terms, along with countless others, provide a vocabulary for scientific inquiry that is truly rich and full of meaning, as the explanation of these names is fascinating. Furthermore, these Greek-rooted words bridge modern science with our ancient world and the knowledge that humanity has possessed for thousands of years.
How the Greek language shapes English today
The influence of Greek on the English language extends beyond individual words, which are obviously countless. Greek plays a fundamental role in the ability of the English language to create its own building blocks of word formation, and this is something that is mostly overlooked. Prefixes and suffixes are most important in this in that they form the foundations of our everyday communication in the world.
These particular linguistic elements are often borrowed from Greek. They might be tiny, but their importance is massive, as they offer English remarkable flexibility in creating numerous new terms that describe novel concepts and innovations.
For instance, the prefix “bio-” means life and comes from the Greek “bios.” This allows English speakers to create and use words such as, “biology,” “biochemistry,” “biotechnology,” “biodegradable,” and “biodiversity,” among many others. This is a sign of a language that incorporates complex ideas in a concise and yet understandable way in everyone’s terms.
Similarly, “geo-,” meaning earth (from Greek “ge”), gives us “geography,” “geology,” “geometry,” “geodynamics,” and “geopolitics.” These form another element of how cultural and linguistic exchanges bring many closed physical sciences to the structures of today’s world and the way we understand and interpret it.
On the other hand, we have the suffixes.
Examples like “-logy” (from Greek “logia,” meaning the study of) transform hundred—if not thousands—of basic roots into nouns. These nouns normally denote areas of knowledge or fields of study in the English language. We have numerous examples of this, including words such as “biology,” “psychology,” “chronology, “terminology,” “meteorology,” “ecology,” “theology,” and “technology” among many others.
Another great example of Greek suffixes is “-phobia.” This word derives from the Greek “phobos,” meaning fear and has been adopted to describe various fears and aversions in the English vocabulary. Examples of this are “arachnophobia” for the fear of spiders or “technophobia” for the fear of technology.
Such examples brilliantly illustrate how Greek prefixes and suffixes continue to offer English the chance not simply to add foreign words to its dictionaries but also to grow and adapt to new discoveries and concepts using root words that already exist in its lexica.
Greek idioms in everyday English
Nonetheless, the importance and influence of the Greek language is not the only one we should be interested in. Greek mythology has also managed to deeply penetrate the English language through centuries of cultural and idiomatic expressions that have managed to survive to this day.
Phrases such as “opening the Pandora’s box” and having an “Achilles’ heel” bring the English speaker back to the tales and epic stories of Greek mythology. This clearly shows how the timeless themes of curiosity and vulnerability that are at the forefront of Greek mythology remain relevant. These common expressions are covered in thousands of years of history, offering an easy and accessible explanation of complex ideas that we can still use thousands of years after their inception.
The lasting influence of Greek on English
The Greek language, along with Latin, French and other Germanic languages has played a fundamental role in the development of English. Greek has enriched it with a vocabulary that spans the breadth of human knowledge—from the heights of philosophy and science to the depths of myth and human emotion.
This rich linguistic legacy, beginning with a blend of words and going all the way to grammatical and syntactical structures and expressions, highlights the nature of English which is purely dynamic and ever-evolving. One of the reasons why English has become today’s lingua franca is also because of its capacity to absorb and integrate diverse cultural influences from around the world and make them integral parts of the language.
Particularly, the complex interconnection of English with the Greek language and culture gives us the opportunity to engage with the ancient Greeks, see their world, and learn from their wisdom and worldviews, finding timeless depictions of humanity’s knowledge.
In embracing the gifts of Greek, English has not only expanded its vocabulary but has also deepened its expressive capabilities, offering to its hundreds of millions of speakers worldwide a richer toolkit with which they can articulate the concepts of the modern world.
Related: The Unique Eccentricities of the Modern Greek Language
